%PDF-1.3 % 1 0 obj << /CreationDate (D:20051111114740-04'00') /ModDate (D:20051111114740-04'00') /Producer (Acrobat Distiller 5.0.5 for Macintosh) /Author (WendyS) /Title (GOV2013 Ambulatory Medicine) /Creator (QuarkXPress\(tm\) 5.01) >> endobj 2 0 obj << /Type /Metadata /Subtype /XML /Length 1064 >> stream GOV2013 Ambulatory Medicine endstream endobj 4 0 obj << /Length 736 >> stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 792 m 0 792 l f q 0.2 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 801.015 612 -801 re W n BT /F1 1 Tf 38 0 0 38 112.1165 568.1755 Tm /Cs8 cs 1 scn /GS2 gs -0.0001 Tc 0.0125 Tw (Medical Professionalism )Tj 1.8675 -1.0526 TD 0 Tc (in the Changing )Tj -1.9989 -1.0526 TD -0.0001 Tc (Health Care Environment:)Tj 1.0753 -1.0526 TD (Revitalizing Internal)Tj -0.3538 -1.0526 TD 0 Tc (Medicine by Focusing )Tj -0.6661 -1.0526 TD -0.0001 Tc (on the PatientPhysician)Tj 2.5951 -1.0526 TD 0 Tw (Relationship)Tj 15.4 0 0 14 344.5214 125.2081 Tm -0.0151 Tc 0.0125 Tw (ý)Tj -1.8274 -1.1429 TD (Ethics and Human Rights Committee)Tj 8.6115 -1.1429 TD (Position Paper)Tj 3.8894 -1.1429 TD -0.015 Tc 0 Tw (2005)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 5 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 6 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 7 0 R /GS2 8 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs8 9 0 R >> >> endobj 11 0 obj << /FunctionType 0 /Domain [0 1] /Range [0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1] /BitsPerSample 8 /Size [255] /Length 733 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream H X|ٶm۶m/۶mcQk֬5jYs`A4B$<))A:iSBT' i cZ3,!kdK@g@rdDrfBrܙ_V$6@v/)) )FAJEJR2l\A|!XT\CG@j%ZھNin^YoPiXiTiTDVB救UЖUVu5Mum o_P X;AEn ОWCw#Oc 5G@-a~dtT[tt;t'vB'uF')]Щ]i~FwtftVOl؋07a^|/aa?"?aҁe~ ŠCꡄ5k#F6MG!l#OwM H3L?pJ84px:?:pl&, r6D™D\<켿0,®.Ʈ-/ŞX=oZ=Y={n a-: ث6a76conooن{Ͽ`'.#n얿d?A_>([1lj> stream 1 g /GS3 gs 0 792 m 0 792 l f q 0.2 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 801.015 612 -801 re W n BT /F5 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 304.333 47.019 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (i)Tj /F1 1 Tf 26 0 0 26 139.0801 604.5 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.0125 Tw (Medical Professionalism in the)Tj -0.8617 -1.0769 TD (Changing Health Care Environment:)Tj 0.4723 -1.0769 TD (Revitalizing Internal Medicine by)Tj 3.5197 -1.0769 TD 0 Tc (Focusing on the )Tj -3.1738 -1.0769 TD -0.0001 Tc (PatientPhysician Relationship)Tj /F3 1 Tf 18 0 0 18 226.8776 417.5 Tm -0.0105 Tc 0.0129 Tw (Position Paper of the)Tj -2.1748 -1.5556 TD (ý)Tj 11 0 0 11 127 179.5 Tm -0.0053 Tc 0.0334 Tw [(This position paper)59.8(, authored by Cathy Leffler)59.7(, JD, Ethics and Health Policy)]TJ 0 -1.0909 TD -0.0128 Tc -0.0184 Tw [(Associate and Lois Snyder)59.7(, JD, Director)59.6(, Center for Ethics and Professionalism,)]TJ T* 0.0114 Tc 0.1126 Tw [(was developed for the Ethics and Human Rights Committee: W)29.7(illiam E.)]TJ T* -0.0054 Tc 0.1285 Tw [(Golden, MD, F)69.6(ACP)149.7(, Chair; Harmon H. Davis, II, MD, F)69.7(A)0(CP)149.7(, V)49.6(ice Chair;)]TJ T* -0.0053 Tc 0.0167 Tw [(Susan E. Glennon, MD; V)49.7(i)0.1(rginia L. Hood, MD F)69.8(ACP; Jay A. Jacobson, MD,)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0 Tw (F)Tj 0.5566 0 TD 0.0154 Tc 0.1551 Tw [(ACP; Stephen R. Jones, MD, F)69.7(ACP; Allen S. Keller)59.7(, MD; Clement J.)]TJ -0.5566 -1.0909 TD -0.0054 Tc 0.1039 Tw [(McDonald, MD, F)69.7(ACP; Steven Z. Pantilat, MD, F)69.7(ACP; Daniel P)149.7(.)0( Sulmasy)79.6(,)]TJ T* -0.0053 Tc -0.0051 Tw [(OFM, MD, PhD, F)69.8(ACP)149.8(. This Paper was approved by the Board of Regents of)]TJ T* 0.0129 Tw (the ý, April 20, 2004.)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 14 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 6 0 R /F3 15 0 R /F5 16 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS2 8 0 R /GS3 17 0 R >> >> endobj 19 0 obj << /Length 2056 >> stream 1 g /GS3 gs 0 792 m 0 792 l f q 0.2 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 801.015 612 -801 re W n BT /F5 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 302.666 47.019 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw (ii)Tj /F3 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 128 322.4675 Tm -0.0054 Tc 0.013 Tw (How to cite this paper:)Tj 0 -2.1818 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.1244 Tw (ý. Medical Professionalism in the Changing)Tj 0 -1.0909 TD -0.0053 Tc -0.0232 Tw (Health Care Environment: Revitalizing Internal Medicine by Focusing on the)Tj T* -0.0085 Tc -0.0227 Tw (PatientPhysician Relationship. Philadelphia: ý;)Tj T* -0.0053 Tc -0.0119 Tw [(2005: Position Paper)59.8(. \(A)39.7(vailable from ý, 190 N.)]TJ T* 0.0129 Tw [(Independence Mall W)89.8(est, Philadelphia, P)74.9(A)0.1( 19106\))]TJ 0 -2.1818 TD (Copyright 2005 ý.)Tj T* 0.0321 Tw (All rights reserved. Individuals may photocopy all or parts of Position Papers)Tj 0 -1.0909 TD 0.0396 Tw [(for educational, not-for)34.9(-profit uses. These papers may not be reproduced for)]TJ T* 0.0052 Tw [(commercial, for)34.8(-profit use in any form, by any means \(electronic, mechanical,)]TJ T* 0.0618 Tw [(xerographic, or other\) or held in any information storage or retrieval system)]TJ T* 0.0129 Tw [(without the written permission of the publisher)59.8(.)]TJ 0 -2.1818 TD 0.005 Tc 0.2731 Tw [(For questions about the content of this Position Paper)59.5(, please contact )]TJ 0 -1.0909 TD -0.0157 Tc 0.0191 Tw [(ACP)149.8(, Center for Ethics and Professionalism, 190 N. )]TJ 21.5886 0 TD -0.0053 Tc [(Independence Mall W)89.8(est,)]TJ -21.5886 -1.0909 TD 0.0107 Tc 0.1133 Tw [(Philadelphia, P)74.7(A)0( 19106.)10.5( )10.5(T)]TJ 11.5661 0 TD 0.0003 Tc [(elephone 215-351-2400. T)179.8(o)0( order copies of this)]TJ -11.5661 -1.0909 TD -0.0194 Tc -0.0222 Tw [(Position Paper)59.6(, contact ACP Customer Service at 800-523-1546 extension 2600,)]TJ T* -0.0158 Tc 0.013 Tw (or 215-351-2600.)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 1 w 10 M []0 d 90.5 337.9 431 -265.4 re 206.902 82.467 m S Q endstream endobj 20 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F3 15 0 R /F5 16 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS2 8 0 R /GS3 17 0 R >> >> endobj 22 0 obj << /Length 5138 >> stream 1 g /GS3 gs 0 792 m 0 792 l f q 0.2 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 801.015 612 -801 re W n BT /F6 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 91 710.3867 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs -0.0001 Tc 0.0139 Tw [(I.)-252(Ex)9.7(ecutive Summar)-9.9(y)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 127 692.3867 Tm -0.0157 Tc -0.0171 Tw [(The ý \(ACP\), the largest medical specialty socie)-10.3(t)-10.3(y)]TJ 0 -1.0909 TD 0.0318 Tw (in the United States, represents 115,000 doctors of internal medicine and med-)Tj T* -0.0022 Tc 0.1262 Tw [(ical students and is responding to the well-documented decline in internist)]TJ T* -0.0053 Tc 0.0987 Tw [(career satisfaction and medical student interest in internal medicine practice)]TJ T* 0.0735 Tw (through a comprehensive initiative to revitalize internal medicine. As part of)Tj T* 0.0419 Tw (that process, the Ethics and Human Rights Committee examined the specific)Tj T* -0.0046 Tc -0.0214 Tw (challenges that the changing health care environment poses to professionalism)Tj T* -0.027 Tc -0.0198 Tw [(in general and to the patientphysician relationship in particular)59.6(. The Committee)109.7(s)]TJ T* -0.0105 Tc 0.0061 Tw (goal was to articulate a common vision of professionalism for general internists)Tj T* -0.0194 Tc -0.017 Tw [(and subspecialists, to identify environmental barriers to achieving that vision, and)]TJ T* -0.0105 Tc 0.0129 Tw (to suggest strategies for confronting those barriers.)Tj 1.6364 -1.0909 TD -0.0157 Tc 0.0895 Tw (The College recognizes that professionalism is a fundamental piece of the)Tj -1.6364 -1.0909 TD 0.0351 Tw [(puzzle that is the future of internal medicine. There are, however)59.7(, other pieces.)]TJ T* -0.0031 Tc 0.1167 Tw (As part of the revitalization initiative, appropriate committees and divisions )Tj T* -0.0157 Tc 0.0772 Tw (within the College are developing and advocating for policies to address other)Tj T* 0 Tc 0 Tw (c)Tj 0.4282 0 TD -0.0157 Tc (rit)Tj 0.9527 0 TD (ica)Tj 1.1188 0 TD (l )Tj 0.5195 0 TD -0.0053 Tc 0.0138 Tw (issues, such as medical student debt, physician reimbursement, and the)Tj -3.0193 -1.0909 TD 0.0129 Tw (need for universal health care coverage. )Tj /F7 1 Tf 0 -2.1818 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0138 Tw [(Recommendations of the American Colleg)-9.9(e of Ph)19.7(ysicians)]TJ /F8 1 Tf T* -0.0057 Tc 0.084 Tw [(1.)-268.4(General and subspecialist internists should develop and commit to a)]TJ 1.0909 -1.0909 TD 0.0051 Tw (shared vision of their role as professionals in providing quality patient)Tj T* -0.0026 Tc 0.1358 Tw (care. That vision should be based on an examination of what adult)Tj T* -0.0057 Tc 0.0803 Tw (patients want and need from the health care delivery system, and an)Tj T* -0.0077 Tc -0.0258 Tw (assessment of how internal medicine skills and expertise can best meet)Tj T* -0.0057 Tc 0.0139 Tw (those needs.)Tj -1.0909 -2.1818 TD -0.0079 Tc -0.0256 Tw [(2.)-270.6(That vision should build on the profession)79.8(s strength as an integrating,)]TJ 1.0909 -1.0909 TD -0.0057 Tc 0.0631 Tw (cognitive specialty and its knowledge base in preventing, diagnosing,)Tj T* 0.0057 Tw (and treating complex conditions. It should be consistent with internal)Tj T* 0.0487 Tw [(medicine)79.7(s dedication to providing comprehensive care for the whole)]TJ T* 0.0036 Tw (person, for investing in strong, sustained, collaborative patientphysi-)Tj T* 0.0139 Tw (cian relationships, and for being patient advocates.)Tj -1.0909 -2.1818 TD -0.003 Tc 0.1362 Tw [(3.)-265.7(General internists and their subspecialist colleagues should make a)]TJ 1.0909 -1.0909 TD -0.004 Tc 0.1372 Tw (joint commitment to replace the trend toward fragmented episodic)Tj T* -0.0057 Tc 0.0959 Tw (health care with a coordinated team approach that promotes health,)Tj T* 0.0305 Tw (prevents disease, manages complex chronic conditions, and facilitates)Tj T* 0.0139 Tw (maximum patient functioning and independence throughout life. )Tj -1.0909 -2.1818 TD 0 Tw (4.)Tj 1.0909 0 TD 0.0106 Tc 0.1226 Tw (Physicians and their professional organizations should focus their)Tj 0 -1.0909 TD -0.0057 Tc 0.0139 Tw (commitment to professional excellence on the following:)Tj 1.0909 -2.1818 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj 1.0909 0 TD -0.0224 Tc 0.0139 Tw (Advocating for patients and strong patientphysician relationships;)Tj -1.0909 -1.0909 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj 1.0909 0 TD -0.0224 Tc 0.0943 Tw (Enhancing communications with patients and colleagues to foster)Tj 0 -1.0909 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (h)Tj 0.5705 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0138 Tw (ealth care partnerships and improve the coordination of care;)Tj -1.6615 -1.0909 TD 0.1136 Tw [( )-143.7(Expanding and applying the internal medicine knowledge base)]TJ 1.0909 -1.0909 TD 0.0447 Tw (and developing and implementing improvements in the process)Tj T* 0.0138 Tw (and coordination of care and;)Tj -1.0909 -1.0909 TD -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj 1.0909 0 TD -0.0057 Tc 0.1265 Tw (Developing and implementing performance measures linked to)Tj 0 -1.0909 TD -0.007 Tc -0.0265 Tw (quality improvement and accountability in a manner that respects)Tj T* -0.0057 Tc 0.0139 Tw (the patientphysician relationship.)Tj /F5 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 302.5695 44.1436 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (1)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 23 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F3 15 0 R /F5 16 0 R /F6 24 0 R /F7 25 0 R /F8 26 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS2 8 0 R /GS3 17 0 R >> >> endobj 28 0 obj << /Length 4070 >> stream 1 g /GS3 gs 0 792 m 0 792 l f q 0.2 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 801.015 612 -801 re W n BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 69.9869 748.1709 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs -0.0002 Tc 0.013 Tw (Medical Professionalism in the Changing Health Care Environment)Tj /F8 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 127 710.6533 Tm -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (5. )Tj 1.1023 0 TD -0.0143 Tc -0.0192 Tw (Society must provide the appropriate context for delivering health care.)Tj 0 -1.0909 TD -0.0057 Tc 0.0311 Tw (Health plans, purchasers, government, clinicians, and patients should)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.1331 Tw [(all recognize the importance of and provide consistent support for)]TJ T* -0.0224 Tc 0.1191 Tw (sustained, intimate patientphysician relationships within which physi-)Tj T* -0.0057 Tc 0.0139 Tw (cians can fulfill their ethical obligations to patients.)Tj -1.1023 -2.1818 TD 0.0468 Tw [(6. )39.3(All parties to health care delivery should foster an ethical health care)]TJ 1.1023 -1.0909 TD -0.0033 Tw (environment, including universal access and a reimbursement mecha-)Tj T* 0.0452 Tw (nism that encourages physicians to take the time required to provide)Tj T* -0.016 Tc -0.0174 Tw (and coordinate appropriate care for adult patients throughout the aging)Tj T* -0.0057 Tc 0 Tw (process.)Tj /F6 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 91 560.6533 Tm -0.0002 Tc [(II.)-252.1(Intr)19.6(oduction)]TJ /F3 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 127 542.6533 Tm -0.0157 Tc 0.0959 Tw (The cornerstone of medical professionalism for internists lies in collaborative,)Tj T* 0.0052 Tw [(enduring patientphysician relationships. W)29.6(ithin these relationships, the virtues)]TJ T* 0.0187 Tw [(of altruism, excellence, advocacy)79.7(, integrity)79.7(, and respect are all focused on recog-)]TJ T* -0.0121 Tw (nizing and meeting patient needs through comprehensive and coordinated qual-)Tj T* -0.0171 Tc -0.0245 Tw (ity care \(1-3\). The current health care environment creates substantial barriers to)Tj T* -0.0123 Tc 0.126 Tw (the vision of medical practice to which internists aspire. Those barriers con-)Tj T* -0.0066 Tc 0.1203 Tw (tribute to both the well-documented career dissatisfaction among practicing)Tj T* -0.0157 Tc 0.0117 Tw (internists and the decline in the number of high caliber medical students choos-)Tj T* -0.0151 Tw (ing careers in internal medicine \(4-7\). 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This article briefly reviews)Tj T* -0.0053 Tc 0.029 Tw (the elements of medical professionalism that are critical both to the relevance)Tj T* 0.0591 Tw (of internal medicine in the current health care environment and to physician)Tj T* 0.0371 Tw [(satisfaction with and interest in internal medicine as a career)59.7(. It then explores)]TJ T* -0.0229 Tc -0.0187 Tw (how the changing health care environment has contributed to the devitaliza)Tj 30.4479 0 TD -0.0125 Tc 0 Tw (tion)Tj -30.4479 -1.0909 TD -0.0101 Tc -0.0211 Tw [(of internal medicine by constantly challenging medical professionalism. 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It)Tj T* -0.0148 Tc -0.0164 Tw (involves a primary obligation to advocate for and serve the specific needs of each)Tj T* -0.0143 Tc -0.0169 Tw (individual patient, and a secondary obligation to serve societal interests and allo-)Tj T* -0.0081 Tc -0.0231 Tw [(cate finite resources to achieve good health for the larger community \(3,12\). T)179.8(o)]TJ T* -0.0053 Tc -0.0251 Tw (achieve these aspirations, internists must work in partnership with each patient)Tj T* 0.0781 Tw (to address his or her health care needs by examining, inquiring, researching,)Tj T* -0.0157 Tc 0.0408 Tw (analyzing, consulting, informing, and discussing, and then planning, coordinat-)Tj T* 0.0132 Tw [(ing, delivering, evaluating, and revising care. Simultaneously)79.7(, sustaining compe-)]TJ T* 0.0327 Tw (tence and achieving excellence in internal medicine practice require keeping up)Tj T* 0.0129 Tw (with the rapidly changing and expanding body of medical knowledge. )Tj 1.6364 -1.0909 TD -0.0096 Tc -0.0216 Tw (In the past, these challenging demands drew the best and brightest to inter-)Tj -1.6364 -1.0909 TD -0.0053 Tc 0.0152 Tw [(nal medicine for many reasons. First and foremost is the desire for long-term,)]TJ T* -0.0025 Tc 0.1265 Tw (trusting relationships where patients feel comfortable discussing health and)Tj T* -0.0053 Tc 0.0027 Tw (psychosocial issues, thus enabling an effective partnership for achieving health)Tj T* -0.0157 Tc 0.0304 Tw (and managing disease. 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Confronting these challenges inevitably diverts some physician)Tj /F5 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 302.5695 44.1436 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (3)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 32 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F3 15 0 R /F5 16 0 R /F6 24 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS2 8 0 R /GS3 17 0 R >> >> endobj 34 0 obj << /Length 5752 >> stream 1 g /GS3 gs 0 792 m 0 792 l f q 0.2 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 801.015 612 -801 re W n BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 69.9869 748.1709 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs -0.0002 Tc 0.013 Tw (Medical Professionalism in the Changing Health Care Environment)Tj 11 0 0 11 127 710.6533 Tm -0.0103 Tc 0.124 Tw [(energy away from focusing on relationships with patients and understanding)]TJ 0 -1.0909 TD -0.0151 Tc 0.1288 Tw (patient needs. The increasing difficulty of achieving commonly held expecta-)Tj T* -0.0157 Tc 0.0532 Tw (tions of medical professionalism has contributed to dissatisfaction with medical)Tj T* -0.0188 Tc -0.0228 Tw [(practice, causing established internists to subspecialize or to cut back, retire from,)]TJ T* -0.0157 Tc -0.0168 Tw [(or leave their practices \(5,14,18-20\). This dissatisfaction is sending a strong mes-)]TJ T* 0.0792 Tw (sage to medical students and residents, causing many to forgo general internal)Tj T* -0.0209 Tw (medicine for more clinically-autonomous, less time-pressured, and more highly-)Tj T* 0.0129 Tw (compensated, procedure-oriented specialist careers \(21-25\).)Tj /F7 1 Tf 0 -2.1818 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0138 Tw [(The P)29.7(atientPh)19.7(ysician Relationship)]TJ /F3 1 Tf T* -0.0062 Tc -0.025 Tw (A sustained long-term patientphysician relationship in which each interaction)Tj 0 -1.0909 TD -0.0053 Tc 0.0063 Tw (strengthens the foundation for the next is fundamental to developing the trust)Tj T* 0.1048 Tw (and respect required for full, open, and collaborative communication within)Tj T* -0.0049 Tc 0.1289 Tw [(each clinical encounter)59.7(. That communication is crucial to providing quality)]TJ T* -0.0053 Tc -0.0041 Tw (health care. Despite the dramatic changes in the health care environment over)Tj T* -0.0062 Tc -0.025 Tw (the past twenty years, the vast majority of Americans have demonstrated a con-)Tj T* -0.0095 Tc -0.0217 Tw (sistent preference for a sustained relationship with a primary care provider \(26\).)Tj T* -0.001 Tc 0.1251 Tw (Recent studies suggest that the existence of a continuous patientphysician)Tj T* -0.0053 Tc 0.0371 Tw [(relationship may reduce emergency department use \(27\) and total health care)]TJ T* 0.0578 Tw (costs per patient \(28\). Furthermore, sustained patientphysician relationships)Tj T* -0.0087 Tc -0.0225 Tw (correlate directly with patient compliance, improved health, positive outcomes,)Tj T* -0.0053 Tc 0.0129 Tw (and reduced malpractice litigation \(26\).)Tj 1.6364 -1.0909 TD -0.0087 Tc -0.0225 Tw (Research has repeatedly demonstrated a strong correlation between patient)Tj -1.6364 -1.0909 TD -0.0148 Tc -0.0164 Tw (satisfaction and physician satisfaction, both with the clinical interaction and with)Tj T* -0.0034 Tc 0.1275 Tw (practice in general. Likewise, the degree of physician satisfaction correlates)Tj T* -0.0053 Tc -0.0168 Tw (directly with the extent to which his or her patients are satisfied with their care)Tj T* -0.0028 Tc 0.1268 Tw (\(6,18\). Furthermore, critical medical outcomes such as accurate prescribing)Tj T* -0.0053 Tc 0.0016 Tw (practices, patient compliance, and high quality-of-care are all related to physi-)Tj T* 0.0292 Tw (cian satisfaction \(38\). It is clear that the degree to which the complex changes)Tj T* 0.0666 Tw (in the health care environment impede the development and maintenance of)Tj T* 0.012 Tw (strong, mutually-satisfying patientphysician relationships has important con-)Tj T* 0.0129 Tw [(sequences for health care access, quality)79.8(, and efficiency)79.7(.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.0909 TD -0.1556 Tc 0 Tw (Tr)Tj 0.9957 0 TD -0.0157 Tc 0.0808 Tw (usting, intimate relationships with patients have suffered in the evolving)Tj -2.6321 -1.0909 TD 0.005 Tc 0.2236 Tw (health care environment. The financial and bureaucratic complexities of )Tj T* -0.0157 Tc 0.0846 Tw (relationships between physicians and private and public payers are difficult for)Tj T* 0.005 Tc 0.1349 Tw (patients to comprehend, and administrative and coverage issues can cause )Tj T* -0.0227 Tc -0.0189 Tw (substantial stress within patientphysician relationships. Despite the ethical impli-)Tj T* -0.0157 Tc 0.0607 Tw (cations, some physicians, with their patients support, feel pressured to mislead)Tj T* -0.0094 Tc 0.1231 Tw (insurers to gain coverage for specific services \(29\). This is primarily because )Tj T* -0.015 Tc 0.1287 Tw (pursuing arduous appeals processes to obtain coverage for non-approved ser-)Tj T* -0.0157 Tc -0.0192 Tw (vices has adverse consequences for both patients and physicians in that it reduces)Tj T* -0.0007 Tw (time available for patient care and leaves physicians vulnerable to being dropped)Tj T* -0.0228 Tw (from often crucial provider networks. Their highly publicized role as stewards of)Tj T* -0.0076 Tw (limited health care resources creates further stress within patientphysician rela-)Tj T* -0.0169 Tc -0.0247 Tw (tionships when physicians must say no to specific care their patients may demand)Tj T* -0.0157 Tc -0.0031 Tw [(\(25,30,31\). Finally)79.7(, while the majority of physicians report being financially neu-)]TJ T* 0.012 Tw (tral when making treatment decisions, nearly one third of those responding to a)Tj T* -0.0048 Tw (recent national survey reported not offering patients relevant services because of)Tj T* -0.006 Tc 0.1197 Tw [(coverage restrictions; 35 percent of those reported doing so with increasing )]TJ T* -0.0157 Tc 0.0129 Tw (frequency over the past five years \(32\).)Tj 1.6364 -1.0909 TD -0.0053 Tc 0.0901 Tw (The cumulative impact of these pressures is that many physicians report)Tj -1.6364 -1.0909 TD -0.0088 Tc -0.0224 Tw [(being perceived by patients as adversaries rather than advocates \(33\). One com-)]TJ /F5 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 302.8872 44.1436 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (4)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 35 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F3 15 0 R /F5 16 0 R /F7 25 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS2 8 0 R /GS3 17 0 R >> >> endobj 37 0 obj << /Length 5961 >> stream 1 g /GS3 gs 0 792 m 0 792 l f q 0.2 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 801.015 612 -801 re W n BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 278.2681 748.1709 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs -0.0002 Tc 0.013 Tw [(Medical Professionalism in the Changing Health Care Environment)]TJ 11 0 0 11 127 710.6533 Tm -0.0053 Tc 0.0516 Tw [(mentator clearly summarized patient concern regarding physician loyalties in)]TJ 0 -1.0909 TD -0.0157 Tc 0.0212 Tw (the current environment: In a system in which the sick are stigmatized as cost-)Tj T* -0.0053 Tc 0.0476 Tw (ly and physicians are charged with keeping costs down, can I trust my doctor)Tj T* 0.0129 Tw [(to take good care of me when Im sick? \(34\).)]TJ 1.6364 -1.0909 TD -0.0157 Tc 0.0601 Tw [(Unfortunately)79.7(, the changing health care environment has also substantiall)-10.3(y)]TJ -1.6364 -1.0909 TD 0.0035 Tc 0.1205 Tw [(diminished the continuity of patientphysician relationships. T)34.7(ies between)]TJ T* -0.0015 Tc 0.1256 Tw (provider networks and both physicians and patients are tenuous, subject to)Tj T* -0.0053 Tc 0.0759 Tw (interruption at any time due to business decisions, contract negotiations, job)Tj T* 0.1112 Tw (changes, employee benefit plan changes, etc. As many as one in six patients)Tj T* -0.0122 Tc 0.1259 Tw [(change insurance coverage each year)59.6(, often forcing a change in primary care)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.114 Tw [(physician \(35\). T)179.8(wenty-five to 30 percent of managed care enrollees report )]TJ T* -0.0148 Tc 0.1285 Tw (experiencing discontinuity with their primary care physicians within a two to)Tj T* -0.0176 Tc -0.024 Tw (three year period \(30\). The growing ranks of physician employees versus practice)Tj T* -0.0157 Tc 0.1175 Tw (owners leave patients more vulnerable to physician turnover due to employer)Tj T* -0.0053 Tc 0.0129 Tw (business decisions or physician dissatisfaction.)Tj 1.6364 -1.0909 TD 0.1174 Tw (Generalist physicians are increasingly concerned about health care frag-)Tj -1.6364 -1.0909 TD -0.0024 Tc 0 Tw (me)Tj 1.2916 0 TD -0.0126 Tc 0.1263 Tw (ntation and its impact on quality care and patientphysician relationships.)Tj -1.2916 -1.0909 TD -0.0251 Tc -0.0165 Tw [(While the delegation of routine care and physical exams to nurse practitioners and)]TJ T* -0.0091 Tc 0.1228 Tw (physician assistants may be an efficient, effective means of allocating limited)Tj T* -0.0157 Tc 0.0258 Tw (resources, it must be done appropriately in order to avoid distancing the gener-)Tj T* -0.0209 Tc -0.0207 Tw (alist physician from his or her patients \(4,25\). As patients rely increasingly on sub-)Tj T* -0.0157 Tc 0.0721 Tw (specialty care, coordination and collaboration between primary care physicians)Tj T* 0.0983 Tw (and specialists often falls short of preserving continuity of care \(18,25\). While )Tj T* 0.1054 Tw [(the growing hospitalist movement is having a positive impact on the cost and)]TJ T* 0.1171 Tw (quality of inpatient care, it can best serve patient needs and protect physician )Tj T* 0.0779 Tw (satisfaction only if effective professional communication fosters the continuing)Tj T* -0.0195 Tc -0.0221 Tw (involvement of primary care physicians in their patients hospital care. And, while)Tj T* -0.0157 Tc -0.0223 Tw (spending less time in patient interaction and relying more heavily on scans or lab)Tj T* -0.0214 Tc -0.0202 Tw (tests may be more time efficient, the potential imbalance between technology and)Tj T* -0.0157 Tc 0.0103 Tw (the art of physical examination and patient interaction raises quality-of-care and)Tj T* -0.0252 Tc -0.0164 Tw [(ethics concerns \(36\). The potential impact of these developments on the internist)109.7(s)]TJ T* -0.0157 Tc 0.0562 Tw (historic strength in treating the whole patient, across both time and settings, is)Tj T* 0 Tw [(unclear)59.7(.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.0909 TD 0.048 Tw (Whether direct from clinic administrators or the indirect result of decreas-)Tj -1.6364 -1.0909 TD 0.0568 Tw [(ing reimbursement rates per clinical interaction, perceived pressure to fit more)]TJ T* -0.0217 Tw (patient visits into shorter time intervals is having a significant negative impact on)Tj T* -0.0123 Tc 0.126 Tw (patientphysician relationships and on career satisfaction \(7,18,37-39\). While)Tj T* -0.0157 Tc 0.0009 Tw (time pressures are a source of dissatisfaction in many fields, the problem is com-)Tj T* 0.0471 Tw (pounded for general internists whose primary role is providing comprehensive,)Tj T* 0.1268 Tw (integrated care \(34\). This issue will become even more troublesome with the)Tj T* 0.0404 Tw (aging of the population and the critical role internists play in diagnosing, treat-)Tj T* -0.0185 Tc -0.0231 Tw (ing, and managing the complex, chronic conditions affecting older adults \(40,41\).)Tj T* -0.0157 Tc -0.0109 Tw (One study found that, while specialists spent an average of 51 minutes on a new-)Tj T* 0.0242 Tw (patient visit to focus on a single organ or system, general internists were able to)Tj T* -0.0211 Tc -0.0205 Tw [(spend an average of only 39 minutes to build the foundation for a long-term ther-)]TJ T* -0.0157 Tc 0.0048 Tw (apeutic relationship with a new patient; conduct a complete history and physical)Tj T* -0.0162 Tc -0.0254 Tw (exam; provide routine screenings and preventive care; provide counseling; assess,)Tj T* -0.0157 Tc -0.0005 Tw (discuss, and define treatment plans for multiple problems; evaluate relevant psy-)Tj T* 0.0131 Tw (chosocial factors; discuss the risks, benefits, and potential treatment interactions)Tj T* 0.0294 Tw (of relevant alternative and complementary medicines and; address any coverage)Tj T* 0.0129 Tw (issues related to new and ongoing treatment \(4\).)Tj 1.6364 -1.0909 TD -0.0053 Tc -0.0047 Tw (In stark contrast to physician perceptions, studies indicate that the average)Tj -1.6364 -1.0909 TD 0.0846 Tw [(time-per)34.8(-patient visit has increased over the years, regardless of whether the)]TJ /F5 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 302.5695 44.1436 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (5)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 38 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F3 15 0 R /F5 16 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS2 8 0 R /GS3 17 0 R >> >> endobj 40 0 obj << /Length 5374 >> stream 1 g /GS3 gs 0 792 m 0 792 l f q 0.2 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 801.015 612 -801 re W n BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 69.9869 748.1709 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs -0.0002 Tc 0.013 Tw (Medical Professionalism in the Changing Health Care Environment)Tj 11 0 0 11 127 710.6533 Tm -0.0153 Tc -0.0159 Tw [(practice is fee for service or HMO, the care primary or specialty)79.6(, the patient new)]TJ 0 -1.0909 TD -0.0053 Tc -0.006 Tw [(or established \(42\). The impact of the administrative time-per)35(-p)]TJ 26.6095 0 TD -0.0157 Tc (atient visit and)Tj -26.6095 -1.0909 TD 0.1236 Tw (time outside the clinical encounter for charting, reading x-rays, reviewing lab)Tj T* 0.0439 Tw [(results, etc. is unclear and merits further study \(33\). T)34.8(ime pressures most likely)]TJ T* 0.06 Tw (stem from a variety of issues including: the growing health demands of a more)Tj T* -0.0144 Tc 0.1281 Tw (informed patient population; the complexity of choosing among varied treat-)Tj T* 0.005 Tc 0.1209 Tw (ment options for each condition; the level of communication required for )Tj T* -0.0157 Tc 0.0096 Tw (collaborative decision making; the ever expanding standards for preventive care;)Tj T* 0.091 Tw (the impact of direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs; and media)Tj T* -0.0053 Tc 0.121 Tw (coverage of medical innovations and the proliferation of health information)Tj T* 0.0154 Tc 0.1322 Tw (readily available on the internet \(14,37\). While patients need to be well)Tj T* -0.0053 Tc -0.02 Tw (informed about financial and coverage issues relating to treatment options, the)Tj T* -0.0205 Tw (need to advocate for and inform each patient of those issues also contributes to)Tj T* 0.0129 Tw (time pressure within clinical encounters \(12,37\).)Tj 1.6364 -1.0909 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (T)Tj 0.7377 0 TD -0.0053 Tc 0.0164 Tw (ime pressures, whether real or perceived, can manifest themselves in the)Tj -2.3741 -1.0909 TD 0.0129 Tw [(physician)109.8(s attitude and behavior within the clinical interaction as:)]TJ 2.1818 -2.3134 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj 1.0909 0 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.013 Tw (Interrupting the patient and controlling the agenda;)Tj -1.0909 -1.0909 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj 1.0909 0 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.013 Tw (Impatient, rushed manner impeding collaborative exchange;)Tj -1.0909 -1.0909 TD [( )-300.5(Less attention to critical psycho-social issues;)]TJ T* [( )-300.5(Less active listening; )]TJ T* 0.0789 Tw [( )-234.6(Diminished ability to demonstrate respect, advocacy)79.6(, and loyalty for)]TJ 1.0909 -1.0909 TD 0.013 Tw (the patient;)Tj -1.0909 -1.0909 TD 0.11 Tw [( )-203.5(Limited opportunity to honor patient autonomy and share decision)]TJ 1.0909 -1.0909 TD 0 Tw (making;)Tj -1.0909 -1.0909 TD 0.0527 Tw [( )-260.8(Limited ability to adequately prepare patients to give truly informed)]TJ 1.0909 -1.0909 TD 0 Tw (consent;)Tj -1.0909 -1.0909 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0152 Tw [( )-328.6(Inadequate discussion of advance care planning and end-of-life issues;)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0616 Tw [( )-251.9(Diminished ability to treat each patient as a unique and valued indi-)]TJ 1.0909 -1.0909 TD 0 Tw (vidual.)Tj -1.6364 -2.3134 TD -0.0053 Tc -0.0011 Tw [(Unfortunately)79.7(, the cumulative effect is diminished quality of care and a far)]TJ -1.6364 -1.0909 TD 0.0129 Tw (less satisfying relationship for both patient and physician \(37\).)Tj /F7 1 Tf 0 -2.1818 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0138 Tw [(Ex)9.7(er)19.7(cising Clinical J)19.7(udgment)]TJ /F3 1 Tf T* -0.012 Tc -0.0192 Tw (The ability to exercise independent clinical judgment has also been strained sig-)Tj 0 -1.0909 TD -0.0053 Tc 0.062 Tw (nificantly by the complex changes in the health care environme)Tj 26.8738 0 TD -0.0157 Tc (nt. Physicians)Tj -26.8738 -1.0909 TD -0.0243 Tw (almost universally report a loss of control over every aspect of practice, including)Tj T* -0.0241 Tw (clinical decision-making, access to medically necessary services for patients, free-)Tj T* 0.0017 Tw (dom to spend adequate time with patients and to maintain ongoing patient rela-)Tj T* 0.0912 Tw (tionships, and ability to consult freely with other physicians \(4-6,18,20,43-45\).)Tj T* -0.0167 Tc -0.0249 Tw (Direct-to-consumer advertising that results in patient demands for specific treat-)Tj T* -0.0157 Tc 0.0203 Tw (ments that may not be appropriate has strained both the patientphysician rela-)Tj T* -0.0076 Tc 0.1213 Tw [(tionship and independent clinical decision-making \(14,46\). While physicians)]TJ T* -0.0157 Tc 0.0234 Tw (appreciate the potential cost savings of restricted formularies, the sheer number)Tj T* -0.0136 Tc 0.1273 Tw (of different formularies confronting them and the variable co)Tj 25.9669 0 TD -0.0032 Tc (mplexity of the)Tj -25.9669 -1.0909 TD -0.0053 Tc 0.0489 Tw (restrictions strain physician autonomy to choose what is best for each patient)Tj T* 0.0129 Tw (and add substantial administrative burden to physician practices.)Tj 1.6364 -1.0909 TD -0.0157 Tc 0.0213 Tw (These complex challenges to traditional concepts of clinical autonomy con-)Tj -1.6364 -1.0909 TD 0.0775 Tw (stitute the single strongest predictor of career dissatisfaction among physicians)Tj T* 0.0767 Tw (\(5,18,20\), accounting in large part for a 50 percent increase between 1996 and)Tj T* -0.014 Tc 0.1277 Tw (1999 in the number of primary care physicians reporting being somewhat to)Tj /F5 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 302.8872 44.1436 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (6)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 41 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F3 15 0 R /F5 16 0 R /F7 25 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS2 8 0 R /GS3 17 0 R >> >> endobj 43 0 obj << /Length 5511 >> stream 1 g /GS3 gs 0 792 m 0 792 l f q 0.2 i 0 792 612 -792 re 0 792 m W n 0 801.015 612 -801 re W n BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 278.2681 748.1709 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs -0.0002 Tc 0.013 Tw [(Medical Professionalism in the Changing Health Care Environment)]TJ /F5 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 302.5695 44.1436 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (7)Tj /F3 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 127 710.6533 Tm -0.0232 Tc -0.0184 Tw (very dissatisfied with practice \(6\). In fact, in one study of physician satisfaction, the)Tj 0 -1.0909 TD -0.0142 Tc 0.1279 Tw (negative impact of health care environment changes on physician satisfaction)Tj T* -0.0157 Tc 0.0129 Tw (disappeared after controlling for their effect on professional autonomy \(20\). )Tj /F7 1 Tf 0 -2.1818 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(Kno)14.8(wledg)-9.9(e/Competence/Excellence)]TJ /F3 1 Tf T* -0.0053 Tc 0.016 Tw (Ongoing changes in the health care environment bring multiple challenges to)Tj 0 -1.0909 TD -0.0017 Tc 0.1258 Tw (bear on professional obligations to maintain up-to-date medical knowledge)Tj T* -0.0053 Tc 0.0525 Tw (and skills and to advance, share, and consistently implement appropriate new)Tj T* -0.001 Tc 0.1251 Tw (knowledge in order to foster excellence in health care delivery \(10\). These)Tj T* -0.0053 Tc 0.0257 Tw (challenges are especially rigorous for internists, whose strength is their ability)Tj T* -0.0032 Tc 0.1273 Tw (to evaluate and thoughtfully integrate medical and social histories, directed)Tj T* -0.008 Tc -0.0232 Tw [(physical exams, and results of carefully chosen tests and then apply a broad cur-)]TJ T* -0.0144 Tc -0.0168 Tw (rent knowledge base to diagnose and develop tailored therapies for patients with)Tj T* -0.0111 Tc -0.0201 Tw (multiple, complex diseases. Maintaining this skill set will be increasingly impor-)Tj T* -0.0053 Tc 0.0183 Tw (tant as the aging population seeks coordinated care for the chronic conditions)Tj T* -0.0049 Tc 0.1289 Tw (affecting older adults. Providing that care requires research, contemplation,)Tj T* 0.0154 Tc 0.378 Tw (comprehensiveness, analysis, and a dedication to developing trusting)Tj T* -0.0053 Tc 0.0129 Tw (patientphysician relationships, all of which take time \(2\).)Tj 1.6364 -1.0909 TD -0.0099 Tc -0.0213 Tw (The time pressures discussed earlier also limit internists options for engag-)Tj -1.6364 -1.0909 TD -0.006 Tc -0.0252 Tw (ing in research, teaching activities, and professional interaction with colleagues)Tj T* -0.0053 Tc 0.0756 Tw [(\(10\). The trend toward hospitalists providing acute inpatient care can isolate)]TJ T* -0.007 Tc -0.0242 Tw (general internists within their offices, further limiting valuable interaction with)Tj T* -0.0053 Tc 0.0241 Tw (specialists and other professionals within the hospital setting. In addition, this)Tj T* -0.0063 Tc -0.0249 Tw (isolation can contribute to generalist dissatisfaction by exacerbating conflicting)Tj T* 0.0154 Tc 0.1489 Tw (perceptions between generalists and their procedure-oriented colleagues)Tj T* -0.0053 Tc 0.0129 Tw (regarding relative professional status \(4\).)Tj /F7 1 Tf 0 -2.1818 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0138 Tw [(Ad)14.8(v)29.8(ocac)9.7(y and Social Responsibility)]TJ /F3 1 Tf T* 0 Tc 0 Tw (T)Tj 0.5823 0 TD -0.0157 Tc 0.0262 Tw [(oday)109.7(s health care environment makes the physician)109.7(s role as advocate for each)]TJ -0.5823 -1.0909 TD -0.005 Tw (individual patient significantly more challenging. Financial disincentives regard-)Tj T* 0.052 Tw (ing referrals for specialist consults, diagnostic testing, and procedures, together)Tj T* 0.1088 Tw (with limitations on the pool of physicians, hospitals, and services available for)Tj T* 0.0436 Tw [(referral can restrict the physician)109.7(s ability to provide each patient with access to)]TJ T* -0.0163 Tc -0.0253 Tw [(the most ap)-10.4(p)-10.4(r)]TJ 5.6195 0 TD -0.0058 Tc (opriate diagnostic and treatment options for his or her condition.)Tj -5.6195 -1.0909 TD -0.0053 Tc -0.0202 Tw (Cumbersome procedures for obtaining approvals or certifications or appealing)Tj T* 0.0765 Tw (coverage denials can be time consuming and divert precious time away from)Tj T* -0.0054 Tc 0.013 Tw (direct patient care. )Tj 1.6364 -1.0909 TD -0.0053 Tc 0.029 Tw [(Fortunately)79.7(, recent tracking of pro bono care shows little or no decline in)]TJ -1.6364 -1.0909 TD 0.0405 Tw [(the overall level of charity medical care provided \(47\) and a recent study esti-)]TJ T* 0.0881 Tw (mated that ACP-member internists in private, office-based practices provide)Tj T* -0.0081 Tc -0.0231 Tw (approximately 2.6 million hours of care \(10.2 million patient visits\) to the unin-)Tj T* -0.0053 Tc 0.0231 Tw [(sured annually)79.8(. However)59.7(, the changing health care environment will continue)]TJ T* -0.0023 Tc 0.1263 Tw (to pressure physicians to cut back on or discontinue providing charity care)Tj T* -0.0053 Tc 0.0384 Tw [(\(48\). Payer)34.8(-imposed price discipline severely restricts the ability to cross-sub-)]TJ T* 0.0751 Tw (sidize charity care, and the risk of exclusion from crucial payer contracts is a)Tj T* -0.014 Tc -0.0172 Tw (strong disincentive to serving a high percentage of uninsured patients. Internists)Tj T* -0.0053 Tc -0.0002 Tw (with ownership in solo or small-group practices provide the most charity care,)Tj T* 0.0056 Tc 0.1184 Tw (primarily because they have the discretion to accommodate those patients)Tj T* 0.0051 Tc 0.1189 Tw (unable to pay \(48\). 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